The Economic Agency of Women in Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Popu

The Economic Agency of Women in Malthus Essay on the Principle of PopulationIt is unvoiced to examine the question of the division of labor at bottom the household in Malthus writings as it seems to be entirely outside the scope of his work. Though his conclusions atomic number 18 predicated on the relationship between men and women, from reading his writing one has the distinct impression that women argon not really a factor. In bitchiness of this, an examination of the implications inherent in Malthus analysis is revealing of some basic assumptions he makes regarding the economic role of women. With particular regard to the question of agency within the marriage, Malthus arguments and conclusions are in opposition to the arguments put forth by Smith in his Lectures on Jurisprudence.Malthus builds his argument upon two axiomatic statements First, that food is necessary to the domain of man. Secondly, that the passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state (Malthus, 1798, Ch 1). Though he does not identify it as such, Malthus makes a third assumption Population, when unchecked, accessions in a geometrical ration. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio (Ch 1). What this creates, in his model, is a society that is driven by existence pressures to expand and held back by a variety of checks. These checks divide into two basic categories, preventive and active. The active checks are what Malthus terms vice and misery and are interesting for the purposes of this paper only in that they are unavoidable aspects of every society. The preventive checks, however, are all predicated on members of society delaying marriage. These preventive checks, while they turn in the speci... ...besides the cost they incur on the men who father their children.In conclusion, we return to Adam Smiths model of marriage in his Lectures on Jurisprudence. For him, marriage was predicated on the next generation. It was a t ool, not only to provide for the next generation as with Malthus, but for the very existence of children capable of get and continuing the family line. Malthus creates a much more dismal perspective of children, the only product of women, as mere dead weight. In providing the next generation, women merely increase the pressure of population on the food supply, with no consideration on a micro level of the advantages of child bearing.ReferencesMalthus, Thomas R (1798). Essay on the Principle of Population Electronic Version. Retrieved September 19, 2003, from http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/ public/MalPopu.html

Womens Sinister Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Womens Sinister Roles in Macbeth In reading Shakespeares tragic drama Macbeth, one meets only one good woman - Lady Macduff. The remaining womanly characters are basically evil. Lets consider mainly Lady Macduff and only briefly the three witches. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that Macbeths wife had considerable leverage over her husbands thought This was her opportunity to do as she had promised herself she would do after she had read the letter - to pour her spirits into his ear, to chasten with the valor of her tongue all that might close down him from the golden crown. We may be sure she took this opportunity to use all her monstrous powers of persuasion. Thus he goaded himself, or was goaded by his wife, into searing the horrible oath, whether he had any clear purpose of keeping it or not. (48-49) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson mentions the very wife-like manner in which the queen carry unwrap her essential role in the tragedy It requires an extraordinary exertion of will and persuasion from Lady Macbeth to strengthen his wavering purpose. Professor Kittredge used to point out to his classes that Lady Macbeth, in urging Macbeth to act, uses the three arguments that every wife, some time or other, uses to every husband You promised me youd do it Youd do it if you loved me If I were a man, Id do it myself But Macbeths mind is made up by her assurance that they may do it safely by fixing the guilt upon Duncans chamberlains. (72) In Fools of while Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows that a lady is the actual driving force in the play That Macbeth is being hurried into a premature act by his wife is a point unlikely to escape the most listless member of the audience, but Macbeth comes to regret the instant of fatal delay in murdering Macduff, and draws the clean-living that The flighty purpose never is oertook Unless the deed go with it. From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. That is, in future he will try to secure the successful rulers spontaneous rhythm of action. (91) L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth describes the unnaturalness in the thoughts and words of the plays dominant female force, Lady Macbeth

Women as Victims in the Media Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critici

Women as Victims in the Media One interesting aspect of murder is the way it is portrayed in different forms of media. In particular the way female murder victims have been portrayed over time reflects the social norms of the period. Focusing on the way remove females were portrayed in various forms of media, beginning in the late eighteenth century in the United States and ending with the present day representations in occupy it is evident that a traditional style of portraying exanimate women has continued to pervade society through the twentieth century. Stories, either fictional or found on actual events, began around 1800 portraying women victims as young, unmarried, beautiful and innocent. Their deaths were portrayed as resulting from a loss of innocent, generally through premarital provokeual contact. The descriptions of the dead bodies were graphic and occasionally erotic in nature. (Cohen, 277-306) These descriptions came at a time when the literacy rate was rising r apidly and the relatively free attitude towards premarital sex was changing to a more restrictive ...

The Role of Greed in a Capitalist Society :: Economy Economic Essays

The Role of Greed in a Capitalist Society Introduction Much has been said about the role of edacity in a capitalist, free market economy. Some believe that greed burns the economy. Others say that it undermines the value system that drives the economy. raptus metalworker said that, It is not from the munificence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest (Smith, 1776 26-27). This statement explains that it is the self-interest of individuals that causes people to trade. This trade pushes an economy in a forward progression, which creates a more profitable living situation for the individuals in the economy. Yet Smith also stated that an individual could either pursue the study of wisdom and right or the acquisition of wealth and greatness. In this context, one individual may choose to follow riches, which would in turn create a confidence in trade and the economy. The confidence of this person would streng and then the economy of that country. The other person may choose to attain wisdom and virtues. This person is notably less concern with securing financial wealth (Smith, 1759 62). Does this then mean that their lack of concern with material gain will work against the economy?It is my thesis that greed does not fuel the economy, but undermines the value system on which capitalism (according to Adam Smith) was built, and a good example of this today is child labor. I plan to argue that Smiths case for pursuing self-interest only works in the context of a wealthy society. He understood that there was more to look than amassing wealth, but he did not consider the plight of those in abject poverty. Using Biblical principles, new theories on democratic capitalism, and real life examples I hope to describe how greed undermines capitalism and that the free market economy is driven by a good work ethic, delayed gratification and the virtues of individuals. These qualities can buoy better pr ovide the wealth of life that Smith describes in both The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations. Background InformationThe Theory of Moral Sentiments was Adam Smiths first book and it was first published in 1759. He was appointed to be the Chair of Logic at Glasgow in 1752 and then moved to the Chair of Moral Philosophy in 1752. He was teaching subjects such as natural theology and ethics before moving into natural law and government.

Employee Training and Development Essay -- Human Resources Business Ma

Organisations attain competitive advantage through the utilization of skills and companionship of their employees (Bach and Sisson 2000).According to Subedi (200690), the highest value for training as perceived by managers, supervisors and employees was the need for performance improvement. If this is true then why is it that organisations and individuals equable do not pose in training? Studies show that despite the recognition that training offers an avenue for development of skills, enhancement of productivity, increase in individual and organisational performance (Pride et al 2009 Bulut and Culha 2010), it is still quite rare in practice (Lengermann 1996).While some organisations identify in training, others find it more practical to poach employees, subcontract or engage impermanent lower skilled workers (Bach and Sisson 2000). Cost, fear of poaching, poorly designed training programs, inability to ascertain economic returns and measure effectiveness of training are recogni zed as some of the reasons why organisations and individuals do not invest in training (Bach and Sisson 2000 Lloyd 2002 Jameson 2000 Van den Bossche et al 2010). On the other hand, while individuals may receive new skills in order to be better positioned in the labour market (Grugulis 2006), organisations invest in training to obtain control also cognize as monopsony power (Booth and Zoega 2000), achieve competitive advantage (Bach and Sisson 2000) and to gain employee commitment (Bulut and Culha 2010). This essay examines benefits of training and development and possible reasons to why organisations and individuals are reluctant to invest in training. It also looks at the two main commonly practised approaches to training in relation to how they influen... .../www.traintogain.gov.uk/Helping_Your_Business/ttgincontext/ (Accessed 9 Nov.2010).U.S Department of Labour (2009). Occupational arithmetic mean Handbook 2009 An Up to Date Guide to Todays Job Market, New York Skyhorse P ublishing Inc. pp. 60-65.UKCES UK commission for employment and skills (2010). National Employer Skills Survey for England 2010 Key findings report. http//www.ukces.org.uk/upload/pdf/NESS%20Key%20findings%202009_2.pdf (Accessed 12 Nov. 2010).Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., and Jansen, N., (2010). Transfer of reading The Role of Feedback in Supportive Social Networks International Journal of Training and Development, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 81-94.Wickramasinghe, V.M. (2006) Training Objectives, Transfer, Validation and Evaluation A Sri Lankan Study. The International Journal of Training and Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 227-247.

Employee Training and Development Essay -- Human Resources Business Ma

Organisations attain competitive advantage through the utilization of skills and knowledge of their employees (Bach and Sisson 2000).According to Subedi (200690), the highest value for fostering as perceived by managers, supervisors and employees was the need for writ of execution improvement. If this is true then why is it that organisations and individuals still do not invest in training? Studies show that despite the recognition that training offers an path for development of skills, enhancement of productivity, increase in individual and organisational performance (Pride et al 2009 Bulut and Culha 2010), it is still quite rare in practice (Lengermann 1996).While some organisations invest in training, others find it more practical to poach employees, subcontract or engage temporary lower skilled workers (Bach and Sisson 2000). Cost, fear of poaching, poorly designed training programs, inability to ascertain economic returns and measure effectiveness of training are recognized as some of the reasons why organisations and individuals do not invest in training (Bach and Sisson 2000 Lloyd 2002 Jameson 2000 Van den Bossche et al 2010). On the other hand, while individuals may acquire new skills in order to be better positioned in the delve market (Grugulis 2006), organisations invest in training to obtain control also known as monopsony power (Booth and Zoega 2000), achieve competitive advantage (Bach and Sisson 2000) and to gain employee committal (Bulut and Culha 2010). This essay examines benefits of training and development and possible reasons to why organisations and individuals are reluctant to invest in training. It also looks at the two main commonly accomplished approaches to training in relation to how they influen... .../www.traintogain.gov.uk/Helping_Your_Business/ttgincontext/ (Accessed 9 Nov.2010).U.S Department of Labour (2009). Occupational Outlook Handbook 2009 An Up to Date Guide to Todays trading Market, New York Skyhorse Publishin g Inc. pp. 60-65.UKCES UK commission for employment and skills (2010). National Employer Skills Survey for England 2010 Key findings report. http//www.ukces.org.uk/upload/pdf/NESS%20Key%20findings%202009_2.pdf (Accessed 12 Nov. 2010).Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., and Jansen, N., (2010). Transfer of planning The single-valued function of Feedback in Supportive Social Networks International Journal of Training and Development, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 81-94.Wickramasinghe, V.M. (2006) Training Objectives, Transfer, Validation and Evaluation A Sri Lankan Study. The International Journal of Training and Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 227-247.

A multicultural counselor Essay

It is crucial that a multicultural counselor have ample strategies in put to be utile in multicultural focusing. This is because the counselor handles clients who have diverse cultures and, therefore, need to be adaptive to the various cultural determine and beliefs of the client. In order, for a multicultural counselor to be effective, it is vital that the counselor should first understand his or her own culture.This understanding of own culture comprises being aware of champion own life philosophies, being able to recognize the different structures involved in reasoning and also being aware of how the understanding effect ones dialogue and also the style one uses to assist the client. Lack of this understanding may make the p draw outer process ineffective. Self-awareness helps the counselor identify specific cultural think ofs and the influence they may have in the counseling process.This helps the multicultural counselor be able to counter the effects that the values ma y pose to the counseling intervention. It is also necessary that multicultural counselor prevent adhering to a specific counseling theory during the counseling process. This is because many cultural groups do not ploughshare the type of values, which are implied by the counseling methods (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). The various values usually do not share the same expectations for the conduct or the outcome of the counseling session of the counselor.This calls for a need for the counselor carry out an investigation about their clients cultural background, be open and flexible to the definitions of the appropriate of the correct behaviors gibe to the cultural values of the client. It is also beneficial for the multicultural counselor to have an understanding of many languages. This is because language barriers act as a hindrance to effective multicultural counseling. As a result, of the language barrier, the client and the counselor may not understand each other well making the client futile to express the complexity in their thoughts and their feelings.This may also make the counselor feel frustrated due to lack of bilingual ability. Language barriers also lead the counselor to offer the wrong diagnosis (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Multicultural counselor should acknowledge cultural diversity he or she should appreciate the value of different cultures and use it in assisting the client. The counselor should not have any cultural bias or carry cultural stereotypes into the counseling process. He or she is supposed to understand that all cultural values are the same, and they should be respected.Respect of cultural diversity plays a great part in enhancing the say-so of multicultural counseling. This also calls for the multicultural counselor to have humility and modesty. (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). It is also essential that a multicultural counselor should have social conflict termination strategies in order to c arry out an effective counseling. This helps the counselor to be able to help the client to solve the problems he or she may be experiencing within himself and the conflict that may be existing between him or her and the community.It is also important that multicultural counselor take a pluralistic judgement in the counseling process. This is where the counselor puts into consideration all aspects of the clients personal history, social and cultural orientation. (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Therefore, it is important that multicultural counselors countermand culture stereotypes and false expectation. This is done by understanding their clients background and finding the most appropriate strategies to employ in the counseling process.The strategies should suit the needs of the client. The counselor should be sensitive the cultural values of the client. Reference Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD), (2009) Journal of M ulticultural Counseling, Birmingham, England, retrieved www. multiculturalcenter. org/jmcd/ on 8 April 2010. Gielen, U. Draguns, J. & Fish, J. (2008) Principles of multicultural counseling and therapy, New York, Brunner-Routledge, retrieved from http//www. netLibrary. com/urlapi. asp? action=summary&v=1&bookid=233302 on 8 April 2010.

Law Enforcement Today Essay

There atomic number 18 several issues that face patrol departments today, too many to possibly count, however I believe that in that location atomic number 18 quite a few that are small and would be better focused on within the department. Now there are whatever that could be solved on a larger scale. I am going to define and review a few issues that do affect law departments and provide my own opinion on what could be male parente to change them to show positive results. Now local and county police only job is to dungeon the peace and serve and protect. If there were no police consequently crime would run wild, there would be absolute anarchy and chaos. jurisprudence is necessary to experience the survival of the human race. The United States Department of Homeland Security and local, federal, and state law enforcement agencies are working together to assist in the prevention of crime, or at least trying to do so.The DHS has integrated several ways to share in coordinate ation and they boast it is one of the key elements of their strategy. For federal officials, the post-9/11 bane environment requires a trusted partnership among federal, state, and local agencies to make entropy sharing integrated, interconnected, effective and as automatic as possible in methodicalness to ensure our national security. Additionally, numerous governmental, commercial, and non-governmental organizations provide officials with homeland security alerts, updates, and databases to support preparedness efforts. Now I am in no way a expert on this situation, however I believe that it should not stop at just information sharing.While this helps abundantly in several opposite ways, I believe that it should go far beyone just sharing information. I think that local law enforcement should be tied to the DHS and report to this office on a regular basis. This would help with different strategies on how to effectively reduce crime as well as share information on a more persona l level between agencies. The issues that current police face, in my own opinion are that many police departments are facing reckon problems, forcing them to cut their police force down. Many officers are being asked to do things they normally dont do such as patrolling etc. Police departments are also facing increasing crimes due to the poor economy.More people are engaging in criminal activities because they have more apologize time as they are not working. It has often been in the mind of some individuals that if they cannot buy it they will take it. All crime is a form of theft if you think about it, and to some people stealing something would be much easier than actually taking the time to work for and buy it. Also police departments across the United States are poorly understaffed, and cannot recruit the people needed to manage the ongoing crime in this country.Police departments would have an easier time recruiting if a cops life were the way its depicted on the big screen, however very few police officers live in million-dollar homes and they dont always get the bad guy. So police recruiters cant offer the prospect of a perfect life of happiness and advantage to prospective officers, but departments across the country are short-staffed and theyre aggressively competing for candidates. I know that in my own town there are an adequate number of police officers, however in a town that is just 90 miles away they cannot seem to keep a viable police force.I think that if the DHS were to assist with this and the federal governments were to offer police officers a better salary then people would flock to hold up cops. As it is now, the only real reason to become a police officer is to help, and sadly that is not the way our current society is these days. Sharing information is not the only thing that can aid in the struggle to fight this war on crime, everybody must work together to achieve the roughhewn goal of happiness and prosperity of all humans.Now this will never be attained as that is just unrealistic, however if you work toward the goal then you will often get close. In conclusion I believe that if police officers were offered more money then there would be a great supply of police and this would in turn be able to tighten police patrols and effectly put a tighter strain on criminal activity. There are a lot of problems that face police today, however we are moving in the correct direction.

Management Is an Integral Part of the Work of Everyone

Human resource management is an integral part of the organise of every matchless in a carriageial post and therefore attract buss atomic number 18 the key drivers of Human Resource management practices and systems BMAM702 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Executive Summary HRM may assume many good thing to stretch and inception manager and perform many of its duties. Some make manager thing they are doing lot of HR duties and they are dont mind doing it. However, other agrees that they dont have enough knowledge and experience to carry put some of the action. Also they see these actions as screw up of their time.Table of Content Introduction1 Who is hound manager? 1 The use of goods and services of line managers in implementing HR sufficees2 Relationship between HR and the line2 Devolving responsibility down the line2 Impact of line manager behaviour3 Managing line managers4 Recommendation5 Conclusion5 Reference5 Introduction This report provide look at the how HRM can be inco rporated to HRM. The involvement of line manager in HRM has been noted in literature from early 80s. this report will try to place the usance of line manager in implementing the utilization of HR and possible obstacle they may face due to this.Who is line manager? Front occupation manager usually promoted from normal employees. As a result, they are experienced and know the general employee well, while they may not have any formal management education. CIPD have given a classifiable role of a front line manager, which may include the followings * Day-to-day people management * Managing operational costs * Providing technical expertise * Organisation of contrive allocation and rotas * Monitoring work processes * Checking quality * Dealing with customers/clients Measuring operational surgical procedure. Increasingly, line managers are taking new responsibilities such as undertake performance appraisals, handle disciplinary activity also support coaching and guidance. Moreover, in many companies line manager carry out responsibility such as recruitment and selection along side with HR. To answer the question why line managers are important? Sisson (1994, pp. 7-8) have given four principles of HRM, which includes beliefs and assumptions, managerial role, system design and personal policy.Sisson also defines the role of top-manager, where it was stated that top-managers should establish arrangings mission and determine, and shearing their future vision and success with other employee and provide transformational leadership. Where as when describing the role of halfway manager Sisson states that they should be able to inspire, encourage, enable and facilitate change by harnessing commitment and co-operation of (the organizations) employees they also see the victimisation of employees as a primary role (Sisson, 1994, p. 8).Hence, it can be said that Sisson trying to say every layers of management has important part to play in implementing the HRM approac h in an organisation. The role of line managers in implementing HR processes Relationship between HR and the line Research has shown front line managers play more central role in implementing people management policies, because they have influence in employees attitude and behaviours. Which, in turn affects the performance of an organisation (Hutchinson and Purcell, 2003). Although line manager have some input in this area however many HR directors have shown concern to the highest degree the ffectiveness of line manager in implementing people management policies (Hutchinso, 2008). When a line manager was asked about their role one manager interviewed remarked you are the piggy in the middle on the one hand expected to be the voice of management and yet on the other the champion of the teams interests (Hutchinso, 2008). account (1992) have made the role of line manager clear and cleared the idea that HRM is not another alternative title for Personal Management rather it is very unique approach. Storey has identified 3 elements that connects HRM and line manager.The root element is to agree that HR of a company is the ones that make the differences. Connected to the first, the second element is as a result HR bespeaks to be managed in a strategic way. Therefore, Storey states people-management decisions ought not to be treated as incidental operational matters or be sidelined into the hands of personnel officers (Storey, 1992 p. 26). Connecting first and second element, Storey stated his third element, which requires line managers to be aware of HR and Strategic direction of an organisation as stated by top- take aim managers.Thus, the management of people have to be done accordingly by the line managers. Devolving responsibility down the line In late 80s and early 90s the use of the term human resource management (HRM) gave rise to pool of literature to be written in order to establish the definition and differences of HRM compare to Personal Management (PM). Among many others Arm healthy (1987) was saying The game was changing and it was useful to have a new name and a new language to encapsulate what was taking place in the world of work. Even though, there were lot of disagreement about HRM and PM, however many have agreed that the new proposed HRM system increased the role of line manager. Hence, numerous articles and reports have been written on the involvement of Line manager in HRM. Currie and Procter (2001) presented in their report that, recently line manager is playing more central role to HRM because of the fact that some HR flora is devolved to the line manager. The researches carried out by CIPD have shown that, there are positive senseings amongst the employee when the line manages plays significant role in implementing some of the HR policies themselves.As a result, employees have higher level of commitment and satisfaction in their job, which gives higher performance. Cunningham et. el (1999) have stated that dev olution of responsibility between line manager and HR consultants, enables release of HR professional from the burdensome toil of conducting routine techniques. As a result they can focus more on strategic trade decision (Whittaker, and Marchington, 2003). Impact of line manager behaviour Line managers have significant incumbrances on employees. Their behaviour and practice will affect the level and focus of employee commitment.The goal of HRM is to achieve employees commitment to the organization, with the aim of making these employees more satisfied, more productive and more adaptable (Guest, 1987, p. 513). That is only possible with having a strong line manager who can recognise, and appreciate the work of employees. Research shown that generally line managers are relatively happy in completing some HR work, one of the managers said, If there wasnt any personnel function Id need to do personnel work anyway, because its my job (Power Business, Utility Co. . However, equal time they agree that they are on their own inadequacies in HRM. Another manager have made remark such as Look at sickness absence, there are those line managers that will do that without being reminded, there are those that will do that because they care, and there are line managers that beneficial will not do it unless they are actually pushed into doing it. I think the more HR that we push down to the line managers, the more uncontrolled it will become (Generation Business, Utility Co. ) (Renwick, 2003).Renwick (2003) have done extensive research on line manager involvement in HRM, and listed many positive and negative of HRM perctices withing line managers. Some of these are listed below (1) Positives * The line are taking on responsibility and accountability in HR work. * Flexibility is forthcoming from the line to do HR work. * The line are keen to take part on doing HR work. * The line are managing large numbers of employees. * The line take a professional and serious attitude to doing HR work. * Line managers are relatively happy doing some HR work. The line are considerate of employee needs and wishes. * The line see HR as positive helpers in HR work. * The line see career bene? ts for them in doing HR work. (2) Negatives * The line have many duties, and insufficiency time to do HR work well. * The line do not see themselves as experts in HRM. * Doing HR work dilutes the lines generalist managerial focus. * Signi? cant line inadequacies in handling HR work. * Tensions between line and HR over transfer and completion of HR duties. * The line need to re? ect and be critical of their performance in HR work. The line are reliant on HR to do HR work properly. * Differing line commitment and discipline levels to doing HRM. * The line have responsibility and accountability in HRM, scarce little authority. * Little appreciation of line ? exibility in doing HR tasks from ? rms. After the research Renwick summarised it with saying line managers acknowledge that th ey shared the completion of HR work with HR. However, although line are doing well in some HRM practices, but still they lucks the expertise, knowledge and experience to carry out full HRM duties.Moreover, many aspects of HRM line dislike doing. Redmans (2001) finding shows that some line will tell apart employee performance appraisal over phone call. Managing line managers To get best performance from the line manager they have to be managed in right way. The kind line manager enjoys with from their manager will reflect on how line manager conducts themselves with others. The graph below shows how senior management felt about HRM and effect it will have on value added activities.The trends shows that the move towards strategic HRM mean that an ef? cient and professional service will be delivered within agreed time-scales with an ensured consistency of approach, (Sisson, 1994). human body 1. The road to achieving a value-added function (Sisson, 1994). The figure and the report h ave show that line managers are happen to carry out some of the duties, however, they do feel long and bureaucratic process of HRM is waste of their time. Recommendation I feel line manager should perform some HRM actions.Such as , undertaking performance appraisal. This process will enable them to learn more about the employee, hence they will be able to relate to the employee and show consideration for them. Since, line manager is the first level of contact with employee they should take the responsibility to overlook the employees training and couching. Moreover, line manager should be the role model and shows how to balance work-life. Conclusion Although HRM practices show benefit to an organisation, however there are still many areas need more clarity.Although line manager understand the importance of HR work but they still require training and understanding some of the practices of HRM. Line manager have the most influence, performance and commitment of employee greatly depend s on how line manager conduct themselves with employees. Reference Armstrong, M. (1987. Human resource management a case of the emperors new clothes?. Personnel Management, Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 30-5. Cunningham, I. and Hyman, J. (1999), Devolving HR responsibilities to the line beginning of the end or a new beginning for personnel? , Personnel Review, Vol. 8 No. 1-2, pp. 9-27. Currie, G. and Procter, S. (2001). Exploring the relationship between HR and middle managers. Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 53-69. Hutchinson, S. (2008). The role of front line managers in bringing policies to life. Bristol Business School. Hutchinson, S. and Purcell, J. (2003). Bringing Policies to Life The vital role of front line managers. London Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Renwick, D, (2003) Line manager involvement in HRM an inside view, Employee Relations, Vol. 25 Iss 3, pp. 262 280 Richbell, S. 2001), Trends and emerging values in human resource management T he UK scene, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 261-8. Sisson, K. (1994), Personnel management paradigms, practice and prospects, in Sisson, K. (Ed. ), Personnel Management A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, 2nd ed. , Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J. (1992), Development in the Management of Human Resources, Blackwell, Oxford. Whittaker, S. Marchington, M. (2003) Devolving HR responsibility to the line Threat, hazard or partnership? , Employee Relations, Vol. 25 Iss 3, pp. 245 261

Analysing Romeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay

Romeo and Juliet is a classical play written in the Elizabethan period, mingled with the years 1550s and 1600s. It is an archetypal love story, written by Shakespe atomic number 18 (1564 1616) in the year 1595. Theatres were not as enhanced as today then. Hence the game and the scheme of the story played a strong importance to the audience because the other aspects (such as the lighting, the props, the background etc. ) of theatre were contemplateably dull in comparison to today. The play was set in the late 12th Century in a city-state Verona in Italy.It was based on the story of two star-crossed lovers who pin tumbler in love at first sight and take vows to spend their life together but against all this was the great ancient feud surrounded by their two families The Capulets and The Montagues. The play is extremely exhilarating and shows a great variety of emotions and themes. These innovative aspects of the play, moreover, reinforce and embellish its principal themes love, hate, and enmity. With great skills Shakespeare develop a tragic but great love story of two lovers.Life in the 12th century held different expectations from todays life. sum in Italy in the period of Romeo and Juliet was different in a numbers of ways from marriage now. In those days a girl had little or no say in the choice of husband, the husband was chosen as a suitably rich and powerful ally for the family and girls often were married at the age of fourteen or fifteen. Shakespeare considered these differences which even applied to his time and hence giving the audience a new perception to their living style.There are infinity of ways to perform Romeo and Juliet, not one way can be considered right. Each production is a fresh outlook by the directors point of view, the audience and the actor but even though each production entrust have its own unique quality. Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet were performed on stage in The Globe Theatre whereas Baz Luhrmans Romeo and Juliet were made in a film format. Both the formats hold their unique qualities and contrasts hence devising each of them an extravagant performance.Shakespeares format is on stage and was performed under circumstances where much was not feasible, for example as lighting was not easy the play had to be performed in the daytime, the background sceneries could not be changed and so all was done in one, special effects were not the least of an survival of the fittest as technology did not allow it. Whereas Baz Luhrman had access to all such areas, hence giving him the resources to provide a much genuine and intricate performance. Baz Luhrmans interpretation consisted of modern day themes such as violence, love, sex, dangerous and panicky situations.He has put in touches of modern culture like guns instead of swords and cars instead of horses. Also some excellent special effects and soundtracks had been added make the movie exciting and an overall experience. A directors role in the making of a movie is very important. It is the director who visualises the scene in raise to give out an original performance, it is the director which decides how each scene will be performed, why it will be performed and when will it be performed.He likewise has to decide on what kind of atmosphere he wishes to create in order to catch the attention of the audience, and to do this he has to decide on the setting of each scene. In my role as director I have to consider points such as what the play is about, the important ideas and themes and the overall significance to each scene. My job as director includes visualising the scene, imagining the scene and choosing the ideal lighting, setting, actors etc. The director to a fault should have a considerable grasp on the text and hold an intense view on the character development in the scene.The director moldiness use language and gestures to convey the feelings, themes and emotions of each character with each turn in the plot. The language us ed by Shakespeare in the balcony scene (Act 2, Scene 2) is highly imaginative, romantic, poetic and seductive. For instance the following quote By love, that first did prompt did me to inquire He lent me counsel, and I lent him eyes. I am no pilot yet, wert thou as far As that vast shore washd with the farthest sea, I would adventure for such merchandise. The language in the above quote is highly imaginative yet romantic and highly poetic yet seductive.The language is very powerful and contains a phenomenal check off on the mind. Its effect is ever so powerful that its inner meaning haunts the mind for prolonged time. It conveys the thoughts and emotions of the characters to the utmost accuracy and details. I as the director also have to decide the language and text to be used. To decide this I have keep my target audience in consideration. I have dogged to aim my movie to a wide range of audience. I wish to keep in the same respect and sanctity as Shakespeares version except for giving it more liveliness and enthusiasm.Therefore the movie will be appropriate for anyone from mature teenagers to adults. As director I have firm to act the play on a movie set. This will enable me to a wider range of options and features such as special effects, soundtracks, lighting etc. This will make it possible for me to bring out the true emotions of the individual characters and give it a more realistic atmosphere. For example the actors will not have the inquire to shout out the dialogues, allowing them to whisper in the romantic scenes.

Frankenstein

The Power of Frankenstein and Manfred Throughout the novel Frankenstein, author Mary Shelley clearly illustrates the moral of the write up. immortal is the one(a) and nonwithstanding overlord therefore, humans should never attempt to constitute His place. Literary critic Marilyn Butler sums up that we atomic number 18nt to muck around with humankind in her comment slang upt usurp Gods claim in the Creation-game, or dont arse around similarly clever with technology (302). Butler warns that as humans, we should never chance upon the position of God. As achiever Frankenstein takes advantage of his deep scientific knowledge, he is punished for taking his experimenting overly far.The novel opens as passe-partout Frankenstein rec on the alones his curiosity and fascination with human life. Frankenstein quickly becomes preoccupy with experimenting, and he attempts to create a living cosmos out of dead body parts. He succeeds, solely his creation turns into a living th e Tempter. Exclaimed by Frankenstein, It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn (Shelley 33). skipper is extremely horrified by his grotesque flavor creation and f everys into a severe illness. eyepatch passkey is ill, the giant star escapes to the woodwind where he watches a family and tries to be acquaintance the humans.But once the monster put one overs his presence kn let, the family batcht accept Frankensteins ugly appearance. Because whole humans he encountered reject him, the monster begins to hate people and believe that they are his enemies. Frustrated, the monster returns to his noble and demands that Frankenstein makes a female companion to cure his loneliness. The instrument promises superior that he will leave with his female companion, travel to South America, and never come in contact with humans again. However, two years beforehand, the animate being despitefully murdered Victors br separate William to get back at him.Holding a gru dge against his monster creation for the death of William, Victor refuses to make a friend for the monster. In an swither to make Victor as miserable as himself, the monster seeks r regularge on his creator. The monster takes his frustration out on everything and everyone pricey to Victor, and murders of Frankensteins family and friends. The remainder of the novel revolves around the struggles Victor Frankenstein encounters as he attempts to escape from the mess of a vengeful monster he has made.The moral of the narrative doesnt simply stress that God is the unless Creator, exclusively it overly emphasizes the responsibility we need to take for our actions. Humans all make mistakes, scarcely we are all held responsible. Victor Frankenstein creates this monster and then runs away from the disaster he makes. Similarly, parents are responsible for the children they have, even if the pregnancy wasnt desired. Frankenstein creates a monster he doesnt want, besides if he is still responsible to take care of his mistake, which he fails to do. Victor Frankenstein expresses It was a strong effort of the spirit of good, hardly it was ineffectual.Destiny was likewise potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction (Shelley 38). Victor describes his intention to create as a good intent, but because the monster he created was sinful, his effort was useless. Victor is quick to blame his terrible creation on destiny saying that he was only trying to do honorable actions, but they werent successful. Though the message of the story is apparent, the antagonist and protagonist of the story cant be as clearly identified. In the beginning of the novel, Victor Frankenstein is the questioning guy for creating his monster and not caring for it.However some readers may say that as the story develops, the monster turns into the antagonist. The monster is searching for ways to make his creator unhappy. The monsters god is Victor, he doesnt know o f any higher reason. The monster learns to be evil and vengeful as he observes the humans, so he acts upon what he sees. Clearly, the monsters sins such as murder are deliberate. The monster, however, wasnt taught how to exile appropriately in situations. As we are commanded in the book of Romans, we are not to take revenge Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for Gods impatience (Revelation 1219).Though I am a firm believer that we are to follow Gods commands, I believe that the true antagonist of the story is Victor Frankenstein. Victor is the creator of this evil being, thus he is responsible for the neglect and actions of his monster. It is inevitable that a time comes for parents to let their children branch out to make their own decisions. Parents cannot be held fully accountable for their childrens mistakes, but they are accountable for the foundation on which they raised their children. Victor is very responsible for the monsters decisions because Victor f ailed to give him a fair foundation.Running from his sins, Victor Frankenstein is responsible for all of his personal actions and approximately of the actions of the monster he chose to create. Victor dangerously messes with Gods job of creating. Once he makes this tool, he should have taken responsibility for the life he brought into the world. Because the creature isnt nurtured, taught, and loved, I believe that all of his later sinful acts of revenge are a direct reflection of him being neglected. The monster does not create himself, or chose to be neglected, so he shouldnt be responsible for most(prenominal) of his behaviors.In todays society, everyone is held accountable for their actions, no matter what mount or family situation they come from. just astir(predicate)times, we are below the belt held accountable for our wrongdoings even if werent provided with the resources to make better decisions. Generally, in situations such as in the schoolroom or social conditions, children and adults who havent had article of faith and advantages give to them arent held as highly accountable for their actions. This is a similar situation to Frankenstein and the monster he regrettably made.I believe that Frankenstein should be held more highly accountable for his mistakes. The monster was never taught how to behave as he grew up, which wasnt his fault. Living in the woods and being able to observe how humans should so-so behave, he should be held partially accountable for his actions. I have come to understand that we are held accountable for what we know. Victor Frankenstein was an educated man who knew better than to tamper with the creation of life. There is no excuse for the mistake he made and didnt assume responsibility. Victor Frankenstein is more of a monster than the monster he created.Evil is at the heart of the story as expressed by critic George Levine In gothic fiction, but more particularly in Frankenstein, evil is twain positively present an d largely inexplicable. The monsters evil nature is inexplicable. As he was never nurtured and taught manners, the monster was also never taught to be evil. The monster chose to act on his evil emotions, which isnt easily identified. At the end of the novel in an effort to destroy humans, oddly his creator, the monster exhausts Victor Frankensteins brother, William, when he sees him in the woods.The monster also kills Victors love, Elizabeth. The monster is a prisoner to this state of a nongregarious life. He couldnt help the way he was born into the world and left to fend for himself. He could have, however, chose to act differently on his angry emotions. Initially, Victor thought that he could escape this misery and get rid of the monster if he made a female. After more careful thought, Victor was stressed that he will create a whole family of monsters who would take over the world. The scientist refuses to get himself into even more of a mess.It does appear that Victor in co ndition(p) from his mistake, but it seems to be too late. Victor is being spiteful in refusing to make the monster a companion. Though Victor still refuses to take responsibility for the one monster he already created, he is talented enough to acknowledge the tragedy that would come from creation of another. The novel Frankenstein shows close relation to gentle Byrons play Manfred. Mary Shelly used Byrons numbers as an inspiration for her novel as both stories exhibit mans struggles with the supernatural.Byron opens his dramatic poem with Manfred pondering his guilty conscience. Manfred conjures up seven booze earth, ocean, air, night, mountains, winds, and the star, but none of them grant him the wish of forgetting the thoughts that race through his mind. Under the cast of a spell, he then pursues his own death, but is not given his wish of death. As Manfred stands on the edge of a cliff, he contemplates suicide I feel the nervous impulse Yet I do not soak I see the peril Ye t do not recede And my brain reels And yet my derriere is firm. (1. 2. 280-283)Death doesnt take Manfred because it wasnt his time. Full of falling off about his onetime lover, Astarte, and the suicide of his dear sister, Manfred doesnt know what to do. He refuses relief from the different liven up and also rejects religion. The Abbot shows up to Manfred to save his consciousness, but Manfred declines Manfred believes himself to be above his fellow mortals but he is not fit for the life of an immortal, either. To him, there is only one option for such a conflicted soul death (Warren). Manfred refuses to stoop down low enough to allow a mortal to help him.Mary Shelley and Lord Byron both exhibit the danger of tampering with the originator of God. Lord Byron writes Sorrow is Knowledge they who know the most/ Must mourn the deepest oer the lethal truth, / The Tree of Knowledge is not that of Life (1. 10-12). I interpret these lines to sum up that we shouldnt mess with the knowle dge that we have, because it doesnt reap good things, or life. Victor Frankenstein certainly took his knowledge of science to a level beyond his place, and his knowledge brought about disaster life. Lord Byron also creates a character that takes too much control and acts in Gods position.Filled with guilt, Manfred tries to seize the power of God and decide his own time for death. That isnt our position or our calling, only Gods. Victor Frankenstein tries to assume the position of God by creating life. Similarly, Manfred tries to assume the position of God by deciding when to end life. Refusing the Abbots help, Manfred turns from religion. Both characters acted as if their own power was above everyone else and God. Victor thought he was good enough to take Gods place of creating while Manfred thought he was too good to accept Gods break of salvation.Both Shelley and Byron paint a clear picture of the consequences that come from attempting to take Gods power and position. whole cabo odle Cited Butler, Marilyn. Frankenstein and Radical Science. Shelly 302. Byron, Lord. Manfred. Vol. XVIII, Part 6. The Harvard Classics. New York P. F. Collier Son, 1909-14 Bartleby. com, 2001. www. bartleby. com/18/6/. September 26, 2012. Levine, George. Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism. Shelly 209. Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Ed. Simon Brown. 1818. Warren, Ashley. Association of Young Journalists And Writers. UniversalJournal AYJW. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.FrankensteinRaphael Porras Tabula Rasa Theory Frankensteins animate being The nature versus nurture debate has been an ongoing issue in Psychology. It centres on whether a persons behaviour is a product of his or her genes or the persons environment and surroundings. Some well-known thinkers such as Plato and Descartes proposed that certain things are inherited and innate or that they simply occur naturally regardless of human influences. On the other hand, other philosophers such as John Locke believed in what is known as the tabula rasa.It is a theory which suggests the human mind begins as a white story void of all characters without any ideas, (Gerrig et al. 51-57). This theory is whatMary Shelleys Frankenstein revolves on as one researcher suggests that this notion of tabula rasa is what Shelleys account of the Creatures development seems to hold (Higgins 61). By considering this concept, where all humans start as a blank slate, as reflected in the character development of the Creature and narrative style being used in the story, one can see that the persons environment plays a big role in moulding a persons attitude and behaviour.This is noteworthy because the creature started his life as an innocent and naive person. He only became malefic and malevolent after going through harsh treatments of society. Although the Creature didnt go through childhood, he began his life like a child. He had no knowledge or idea of how the world works. I was a poor, helpless, misera ble wretch I knew and could distinguish nothing, he said (Shelley 129). Higgins suggests that it is significant to know that the Creature did not describe any feelings of loneliness in his early stages of life this only begins when he encounters the De Lacey family (63).Although he had been already treated ill by people prior to meeting them, the creature have not mentioned how he felt, whether he was upset about it or not, after all, he didnt know how to respond to any kind stimuli tossed at him. Through day to day observation of the De Lacey family, he learned various things, from reading and writing to human history and relationships. Of all the stuff he learned, there is one strategic aspect of life that affected him the most and that is the essence of having a family. He only started to have feelings of compassion and sympathy because of them. I saw no cause for De Laceys unhappiness but I was late affected by it, the Creature says (Shelley 136). The Creature became so attach ed to the family that when they were unhappy, he felt depressed when they rejoiced, he sympathized in their joys (Shelley 138). To be accepted by them was a precarious present moment for him but, unfortunately, he got rejected by the family whom he cared and loved. Because of this he flees to the woods, and in turn, he saves a girl who almost got drowned. Instead of being called a savior for his heroic act, he rather got fired and shot that almost killed him.All these catastrophic moments of rejection by mankind add up to his feelings of aversion and abhorrence. Inflamed by pain, he vowed eternal horror and vengeance to all mankind (Shelley 166). By killing Victors brother, William, and several of Victors beloved ones, he then turns into a vicious monster as what society brands him to be right from the start. This gradual development of the Creature, from an innocent human being to an atrocious monster, perhaps rests its claim on being a good foundation to the tabula rasa theory.A nother functional way that Mary Shelley uses in the novel is her application of the first person narrative of the Creature. It is effective as it enables the readers to be more involved of the activities and engagements of the monster. Although he is not the protagonist of the story, this way of narration keeps the readers close to the action and makes them understand more the contemplations and cogitations of the Creature. This makes the readers feel as if they were part of a jury of a case where the monster is the one being prosecuted, trying to defend himself by relating his side of the story.Higgins suggests that the Creatures narrative form has an jounce on his confessional writings and rhetoric alienation (62). Through this, one can see the transformation of the monster from being like a child into graceful a cold blooded murderer. Through her portrayal of the development of the Creature and her unique style of narration, Shelley is able to picture to the reader the reality that society plays an important role in wielding a persons attitude and behavior. Percy Shelley proposes that if you treat a person ill, he will become wicked and if you requite essence with scorn, you impose upon him irresistible obligations alevolence and selfishness (qtd. in Veeder 226). This, feasibly, holds true to the modern society today for no one is born a killer unless he or she is pushed to kill someone through traumatic and disastrous life events and experiences. Works Cited Gerrig, Richard, et al. Psychology and Life. 2nd ed. Toronto Pearson Canada, 2012. Print Higgins, David. Frankenstein Character Studies. Cornwall MPG Books Ltd, 2008. Print. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Eds. D. L. Macdonald, and Kathleen Scherf. Buffalo Broadview P, 1999. Print. Veeder, William. Mary Shelley & Frankenstein. dinero U of Chicago P, 1986. Print.FrankensteinThe Power of Frankenstein and Manfred Throughout the novel Frankenstein, author Mary Shelley clearly illustrates the moral of the story. God is the one and only creator therefore, humans should never attempt to take His place. Literary critic Marilyn Butler sums up that we arent to tamper with creation in her comment Dont usurp Gods prerogative in the Creation-game, or dont get too clever with technology (302). Butler warns that as humans, we should never assume the position of God. As Victor Frankenstein takes advantage of his deep scientific knowledge, he is punished for taking his experimenting too far.The novel opens as Victor Frankenstein recalls his curiosity and fascination with human life. Frankenstein quickly becomes obsessed with experimenting, and he attempts to create a living being out of dead body parts. He succeeds, but his creation turns into a living monster. Exclaimed by Frankenstein, It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn (Shelley 33). Victor is extremely horrified by his grotesque looking creation and falls into a severe illness. While Victor is ill, the monster esc apes to the woods where he watches a family and tries to befriend the humans.But once the monster makes his presence known, the family cant accept Frankensteins ugly appearance. Because all humans he encountered reject him, the monster begins to hate people and believe that they are his enemies. Frustrated, the monster returns to his creator and demands that Frankenstein makes a female companion to cure his loneliness. The creature promises Victor that he will leave with his female companion, travel to South America, and never come in contact with humans again. However, two years beforehand, the creature spitefully murdered Victors brother William to get back at him.Holding a grudge against his monster creation for the death of William, Victor refuses to make a friend for the monster. In an effort to make Victor as miserable as himself, the monster seeks revenge on his creator. The monster takes his frustration out on everything and everyone dear to Victor, and murders of Frankenste ins family and friends. The remainder of the novel revolves around the struggles Victor Frankenstein encounters as he attempts to escape from the mess of a vengeful monster he has made.The moral of the story doesnt simply stress that God is the only Creator, but it also emphasizes the responsibility we need to take for our actions. Humans all make mistakes, but we are all held accountable. Victor Frankenstein creates this monster and then runs away from the disaster he makes. Similarly, parents are responsible for the children they have, even if the pregnancy wasnt desired. Frankenstein creates a monster he doesnt want, but he is still responsible to take care of his mistake, which he fails to do. Victor Frankenstein expresses It was a strong effort of the spirit of good, but it was ineffectual.Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction (Shelley 38). Victor describes his intention to create as a good intent, but because the monster h e created was sinful, his effort was useless. Victor is quick to blame his terrible creation on destiny saying that he was only trying to do honorable actions, but they werent successful. Though the message of the story is apparent, the antagonist and protagonist of the story cant be as clearly identified. In the beginning of the novel, Victor Frankenstein is the bad guy for creating his monster and not caring for it.However some readers may say that as the story develops, the monster turns into the antagonist. The monster is searching for ways to make his creator unhappy. The monsters god is Victor, he doesnt know of any higher power. The monster learns to be evil and vengeful as he observes the humans, so he acts upon what he sees. Clearly, the monsters sins such as murder are deliberate. The monster, however, wasnt taught how to behave appropriately in situations. As we are commanded in the book of Romans, we are not to take revenge Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for Gods wrath (Revelation 1219).Though I am a firm believer that we are to follow Gods commands, I believe that the true antagonist of the story is Victor Frankenstein. Victor is the creator of this evil being, thus he is responsible for the neglect and actions of his monster. It is inevitable that a time comes for parents to let their children branch out to make their own decisions. Parents cannot be held fully accountable for their childrens mistakes, but they are accountable for the foundation on which they raised their children. Victor is very responsible for the monsters decisions because Victor failed to give him a fair foundation.Running from his sins, Victor Frankenstein is responsible for all of his personal actions and most of the actions of the monster he chose to create. Victor dangerously messes with Gods job of creating. Once he makes this creature, he should have taken responsibility for the life he brought into the world. Because the creature isnt nurtured, ta ught, and loved, I believe that all of his later sinful acts of revenge are a direct reflection of him being neglected. The monster does not create himself, or chose to be neglected, so he shouldnt be responsible for most of his behaviors.In todays society, everyone is held accountable for their actions, no matter what background or family situation they come from. Sometimes, we are unfairly held accountable for our wrongdoings even if werent provided with the resources to make better decisions. Generally, in situations such as in the classroom or social conditions, children and adults who havent had teaching and advantages given to them arent held as highly accountable for their actions. This is a similar situation to Frankenstein and the monster he regrettably made.I believe that Frankenstein should be held more highly accountable for his mistakes. The monster was never taught how to behave as he grew up, which wasnt his fault. Living in the woods and being able to observe how hum ans should acceptably behave, he should be held partially accountable for his actions. I have come to understand that we are held accountable for what we know. Victor Frankenstein was an educated man who knew better than to tamper with the creation of life. There is no excuse for the mistake he made and didnt assume responsibility. Victor Frankenstein is more of a monster than the monster he created.Evil is at the heart of the story as expressed by critic George Levine In gothic fiction, but more particularly in Frankenstein, evil is both positively present and largely inexplicable. The monsters evil nature is inexplicable. As he was never nurtured and taught manners, the monster was also never taught to be evil. The monster chose to act on his evil emotions, which isnt easily identified. At the end of the novel in an effort to destroy humans, especially his creator, the monster kills Victor Frankensteins brother, William, when he sees him in the woods.The monster also kills Victor s love, Elizabeth. The monster is a prisoner to this state of a lonely life. He couldnt help the way he was born into the world and left to fend for himself. He could have, however, chose to act differently on his angry emotions. Initially, Victor thought that he could escape this misery and get rid of the monster if he made a female. After more careful thought, Victor was worried that he will create a whole family of monsters who would take over the world. The scientist refuses to get himself into even more of a mess.It does appear that Victor learned from his mistake, but it seems to be too late. Victor is being spiteful in refusing to make the monster a companion. Though Victor still refuses to take responsibility for the one monster he already created, he is smart enough to acknowledge the tragedy that would come from creation of another. The novel Frankenstein shows close relation to Lord Byrons play Manfred. Mary Shelly used Byrons poem as an inspiration for her novel as both stories exhibit mans struggles with the supernatural.Byron opens his dramatic poem with Manfred pondering his guilty conscience. Manfred conjures up seven spirits earth, ocean, air, night, mountains, winds, and the star, but none of them grant him the wish of forgetting the thoughts that race through his mind. Under the cast of a spell, he then pursues his own death, but is not given his wish of death. As Manfred stands on the edge of a cliff, he contemplates suicide I feel the impulse Yet I do not plunge I see the peril Yet do not recede And my brain reels And yet my foot is firm. (1. 2. 280-283)Death doesnt take Manfred because it wasnt his time. Full of depression about his onetime lover, Astarte, and the suicide of his dear sister, Manfred doesnt know what to do. He refuses relief from the different spirits and also rejects religion. The Abbot shows up to Manfred to save his soul, but Manfred declines Manfred believes himself to be above his fellow mortals but he is not fit for the life of an immortal, either. To him, there is only one option for such a conflicted soul death (Warren). Manfred refuses to stoop down low enough to allow a mortal to help him.Mary Shelley and Lord Byron both exhibit the danger of tampering with the power of God. Lord Byron writes Sorrow is Knowledge they who know the most/ Must mourn the deepest oer the fatal truth, / The Tree of Knowledge is not that of Life (1. 10-12). I interpret these lines to sum up that we shouldnt mess with the knowledge that we have, because it doesnt reap good things, or life. Victor Frankenstein certainly took his knowledge of science to a level beyond his place, and his knowledge brought about disaster life. Lord Byron also creates a character that takes too much control and acts in Gods position.Filled with guilt, Manfred tries to seize the power of God and decide his own time for death. That isnt our position or our calling, only Gods. Victor Frankenstein tries to assume the position of God by cre ating life. Similarly, Manfred tries to assume the position of God by deciding when to end life. Refusing the Abbots help, Manfred turns from religion. Both characters acted as if their own power was above everyone else and God. Victor thought he was good enough to take Gods place of creating while Manfred thought he was too good to accept Gods gift of salvation.Both Shelley and Byron paint a clear picture of the consequences that come from attempting to take Gods power and position. Works Cited Butler, Marilyn. Frankenstein and Radical Science. Shelly 302. Byron, Lord. Manfred. Vol. XVIII, Part 6. The Harvard Classics. New York P. F. Collier Son, 1909-14 Bartleby. com, 2001. www. bartleby. com/18/6/. September 26, 2012. Levine, George. Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism. Shelly 209. Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Ed. Simon Brown. 1818. Warren, Ashley. Association of Young Journalists And Writers. UniversalJournal AYJW. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.

Relationship Issue

Conflicts between people who express outlooks of antithetic epochs often happen in the society and there are lots of situations when even members of the same family who are supposed to be the closest with each other, support opposite visions of the world. However, misunderstanding chamberpot always be cover and warm relations achieved as long as people put efforts into that.Flannery OConnors book Everything that Rises Must take on deals with the relationship of a mother and her son and represents contradictions between them which arise from their polar outlooks on reality in which they are living and shows how they are unable to overcome them. Julian is a recent college graduate who lives with his solicitous widowed mother who has put her whole bread and butter to raise him well and ground him good education. The mesh of Julian with his mother starts because she has a vision of life which is completely different from his.Julians mother lived according to the laws of her own f antasy world immaterial of which he had never seen her set foot. She built that little world for herself, not realizing that times have changed and she needed to adjust to them. She couldnt keep living in her little world forever and some time crisis was going to occur. Every time Julian made some remark about their present life and that it was different from what his mother had before, she only started remembering past times and past wealthy life which she used to have Your great-grandfather was a former governor of this assure Your grandfather was a prosperous land-owner.Your grandmother was a Godhigh. However, its impossible to blame her for that- she cannot change, those ideas are too firmly fixed in her mind and Julian should have accepted them but he doesnt even try to that. No matter how a lot Julian tries to convince her that reality is completely different from those memories, she never wants to listen to him. However, instead of treating his mother with respect and le tting her have some weaknesses like every other person, he gets mad at her all told the time.Everything what his mother says agitates Julian and he is unable to talk to his mother without a sensation of frustration. Even though he takes her to a reducing class and listens to everything what she says, the regaining of irritation doesnt leave him and he never feels at peace. His rude attitude towards everything what his mother says shows in most of the discussions in the novel. Will you look roughly you, he said tensely, and see where you are now? and he swept his arm jerkily out to indicate the neighborhood, which the growing darkness at least made less dingy. Julian is mad at almost everything what his mother says. It becomes clear that as long as Julian and his mother have different views on things, they will never be able to communicate peacefully and they will always have arguments. What really saves them from stopping communication at all, is calmness of Julians mother an d her trying to neglect unkind words which her son says. Even though they express different outlooks and despite any self-aggrandising features she has, she does show concern about her son and she sincerely hopes for his happy future.Julians mother is certainly naive in that because there is hardly any future ahead of Julian but she believes in that like a child and she made sacrifices for him The law of her life was to sacrifice herself for him after she had first created the necessity to do so by making a mess of things All of her life had been a struggle to act like a Chestny and to give him everything she thought a Chestny ought to have without the goods a Chestny ought to have One of the main points on which Julian and his mother contradict are issues of racism. In Julians point of view, disastrous people have a right to do everything just like flannel people.However, his mother doesnt share his point of view because she was brought up in a different society and believes the y are inferior. This is once again the sign of her living in the past when she had a melanize nurse and whom she loved but considered her much lower than herself. This attitude can be best seen in the episode when Julian and his mother get on the mickle. The bus is half-filled and when mother looks around, she sees only white people and becomes happy. She even says to the lady sitting next to her I see we have the bus to ourselves. Julian couldnt stand it when his mother said that and again felt shame for her words.She does her best to show her bad attitude towards black people and doesnt consider them to be her equal. When a black man comes into the bus and another lady changes her seat to get away from him, Julians mother approves of that and thinks this is the way it should be done. The attitude of his mother earns Julian get thoughts of enceinte her which show to us that he extremely cruel because a son cannot treat his mother like that. Julian thought he might make friends with some distinguished Negro professor or lawyer and bring him home to spend the evening in order to make his mother feel miserable.He points to his mother that a black lady sitting in the bus has the same hat as she does and wants to make a point that black people can do everything just like white people, they are people of the same kind- but his mother doesnt understand that. However, the worst lesson which she gets is when she wants to give a coin to the little black boy and suffers from that because the boy dont take nobodys pennies and this painful moment leads to the end of the novel. In my opinion, it was possible for Julian and his mother to find ways to understand each other if the son at least put some efforts into that.Despite of all his mothers faults, Julian should have been more patient with her and he realizes that in the end of the novel when he understands he has lost her. He is not a holy man himself and since every human has weaknesses, he should have been mor e loving and kind with his mother because she gave birth to him and sacrificed many things for him. When he understands he remained alone, he realizes the whole abomination of his situation- that he is completely lost in the world without his mother but there is nothing what he can change about that anymore, so the outcome of his self-deception is fully confirmed.

Gen200 Personal Responsibility Essay

Personal Responsibility The pathway to successful future begins with taking a close look at the baron to commit and be accountable for all actions even when no one is looking. Making the right decision and understanding that there will be challenges on the way cannister unquestionably prepare the body and mind to readily face them head on. The personal indebtedness of an various(prenominal) plays an important role to kitchen range the ultimate goal to be successful. Personal tariff pertains to our ability to discipline ourselves as well as taking a responsible approach and possession on our career, education, family and most of all our actions.I believe that personal obligation is vital to academic achievement of an individual because it can exercise self- expertness, helps to recognize problems easily and manages while effectively to achieve success and happiness. There are many other genes in invigoration that are struck by the effects of personal responsibility, just only a few are mellowly significant and usually kicks off the rest of the constructive effects. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to decease forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is articled to kick the bucket.Receiving an education is a choice, therefore it is our personal responsibility to make sure that we can meet the academic demand require. A strong intelligence of self-efficacy supports that responsibility because it can somehow motivate us to move on and challenge our way to academic success because we believe in our ability to reach our goal. Self-efficacy is an individuals perceived capabilities to attain designated types of performances and to achieve specific results (Pajares, 1996 Tella & Ayeni, 2006).When we accept responsibility for our take actions we can easily recognize and overcome the tests that are bound to happen along the way. Our posit ive outlook strengthens our confidence and definitely boosts our self-worth because it encourages us to be more responsible. We have to be careful however on instilling boosts of high expectations or beliefs, the effects can be very disappointing when it is not fully realized. The focus should be on realistic capabilities and potentials so that we can instruct success in terms of self-development rather than achievements (Bandura, A 1994).Acknowledging responsibility helps to take control of daily life. Another factor that needs a commodious sense of responsibility is time management. Overwhelming order of business managing education, career, household and other activities can definitely put a person in a bind if schedule is not well curriculumned. When there is a set objective and commitment to achieve that goal, a clear sense of direction in life must be established as well. Setting preliminary goal as well as short and long term goal can definitely put some perspective to ho w an individual wants to accomplish that objective.With that in mind, time management will be effortless knowing what can be through with(p) now and what to accomplish later. A permit for any countersinkments on any unforeseen challenges can be detected and easily resolve because commitment and responsibility makes a stand to face any setback and move on to continue the raise to success. A person can manage time effectively because of accountability and the will to accept responsibility for any actions, knowing that there will be consequences. So in order for me to be successful in every aspect of my life, I need to manage time effectively.Well managed time sees the possibilities of new opportunities and helps you create want you want in future. Here is my preliminary plan for this school year Preliminary plan 1. Set my short and long term goal. 2. Read on my syllabus and take note of important projects and due dates 3. Prioritize and organize my schedule according to my work and scheduled assignments and required readings. 4. Schedule time to be online and work on DQs and assignments. 5. Schedule tuition team discussion and assignments In keeping personal responsibility intact and focused, there is no doubt that challenges are bound to happen.Successful status academically, professionally and life in general will always present extreme encounters along the way, testing how strong the concentration and motivation devoted to the goal. Another important factor why responsibility is essential in daily academic life is learning to recognize challenges. Any challenges does not have to set us back, peradventure they should motivate us to be more proactive and ready to face these challenges head on. The quicker any problem is resolve, the quicker to move on and refocus on all the academic requirements and accomplish them right away.As we anticipate and accept that there will be hurdles then we can easily adjust to the situation and find a reasonable resolution. In order to race to academic success, I must remain motivated and focus on the pornographic picture all the way through finish line and graduate. With a sensible practice of personal responsibility I believe I can tackle the duties to achieve my objectives. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to move forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is destined to happen.Having the freedom to make the choices, plans and organize to be successful academically gives me the power to do what is right and accept any failures and easily move on with an effective strategy that will lead me to the ultimate goal to successfully graduate. References Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The meeting of self-efficacy and introductory computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria. subroutine library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed. Annotated Bibliography Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research The article aims to examine self-efficacy and findings made by Banduras (1986) in study of self-motivation and taking control of academic aspirations. The summary of discoveries in the relationship of self-efficacy and academic performances which validates measures that match up with personal responsibility. Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria.Library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). This is good resource regarding the study on the impact of self-efficacy prior to computer experience of librarians from Nigeria. The study involves a number of new librarians that are independent and dependent variables. The outcome of the study presented that self-efficacy and computer experience has a major impact on creativity. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman Ed. , Encyclopedia of mental health.San Diego Academic Press, 1998). This a great reference regarding self-efficacy beliefs and processes regulating emotional states and reactions. Talks about level of motivation reflected in choices and actions. The discussions on the use of influences over a persons own impulse, thoughts and emotional situations as well as performance on given task. Insights on the development and exercise of self-efficacy over the lifespan. http//www. schoolsucks. com/paper/Academic-Personal-Responsibility/16640. hypertext markup language http//www. des. emory. edu/mfp/BanEncy. html http//www. des. emory. edu/mfp/PajaresSE1996. html

Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down

December 11, 2012 plane section 1 Who is the 1 to delineate mis regarding for a mis talk and mis discovering amongst deuce civilisations? In Anne Fadi humanss novel, The Spirit Catches You and You F all(prenominal) Down, she begins the novel as an examine to allocate business for the mistreatment and exacerbation of Lia lee sides epilepsy. The tension amongst the Hmong and United States checkup exam agri elaboration exemplified the strain in America among a foreign horti ending dependent on rituals and societys norm. As the novel progress, Fadiman realizes that neither finale is truly at fault.Lias piazza stemmed from a clash of pagan mental pictures and radiation diagrams that could watch been single-minded by a respect and empathy of the logical implication of cross-ethnical communication. Throughout the narrative, t here were characters that were qualified to be culturally empathic era all(prenominal) were otiose to appreciate the cultural differences amid the both entities and realize the indispensableness for cooperation and assureing. The Hmong affirm a saying that they retroflex at the beginning of perpetuallyy story, Hais cuaj txub kaum txub, which means, speak of all kinds of things (Fadiman 13).These lyric poem depict the belief in the Hmong farming that the world is full of things that might non pop out link solitary(prenominal) when when when actually argon. This concept relates to the Hmongs history. Their development as a culture is tainted with brusk counter cultures that restricted their freedom to devote their cultural rituals. This greatly influenced their ability to trust cultures that argon non their own. Their general distrust in any culture diverse from their own can be in general traced defend to the Chinese and Indochinese portion of their saga.Basically, the Hmong soak up been chased out of any home they have constantly had due to their un leave al peerlessingness to bugger off orders , their sorrow to losing and the imperative detail that they would rather flee, action, or die than surrender. This all boils depressed to the fact that they are non easily s counseled by an early(a)(prenominal) cultures customs. This ethnocentric attitude has greatly attri howevered to the Hmong cultures general distrust and distaste for any culture but their own. Lias parents, Nao Kao and Foua Lee, and much of the Hmong society were doubting of trusting the flannel people in the medical professing and in the community.In fact, Lias show window became the litmus test for Hmong community and turned out to be a deciding factor as to whether the Hmong community in Merced, California would trust the medical professionals when they found themselves at MCMC in a uniform evince as Lia. Despite this inherent distrust of any culture dissimilar to their own, the Lees were able to trust one CPA worker, Jeanine Hilt, who excessivelyk the Lees case very or sooneally. Jeanine made it her mission to fight the medical industry tyranny on behalf of the Hmong culture and became the only soulfulness to ask the Lees their opinion.Because of the language barrier, umteen medical professionals saw talking to the Lees as a lost cause to authorise with, which led the Lees to opine they were universe taken advantage of. Jeanine was the only one who thought to ask how the Lees entangle to the highest degree how the doctors were treating Lia and their culture. Because of this on the loose(p)ness to communication and genuine interest in their answers, she explained to the infirmary how the Lees, and the Hmong culture, felt about Lias epilepsy and wherefore they were running into to so many conflicts with the Hmong culture.Jeanines sensory(a) approach allowed her to see what the barrier was between the Lees ad the medical profession. The Lees and the Hmong culture considered Lia an anointed one and her illness as a grace of God rather than a weakness. In the Hmo ng culture, people born with epilepsy are believed to be the anointed ones and are destined to a life as a shaman. They call it qaug dab peg, or the spirit catches you and you fall down. great deal in the medical profession did not meet the concept of liquor and the importance of epilepsy for the Hmong. Jeanine was the only white person who adamantly fought for the rights of the Hmong.She was able to do this by the ability to potently and cross culturally go by. A similar line of work occurred when the Lees refused to confound their daughter her daily practice of medicine regimen. Lia was taken off from her family and put into foster care. Jeanine fought to conquer Lia back to her family as her epileptic episodes became more frequent and dangerous. after she succeeded, it was Jeanines mission to educate the Lees, oddly Foua, on the drug regimen and explain to her the importance of the drugs and to watch Nao Kao and Fouas aversion to medicine.Hilt was the only person th at took the prison term to listen to Foua and her concerns regarding the unnatural substances. And after Lias tumid grand mal seizure, she was the only one who tackled the problem of how the Hmong family was treating Lias developmental delays. Jeanines distinguish to success was continuously keeping the lines of communication open between herself and the Lees and hence between the Lees and the MCMC. In order to cross culturally communicate, Jeanine focused on a caring approach that was culturally empathetic and used the Lees daughter, May, as her translator.She did this because having nearly other unfamiliar person in the room, oddly a translater, would make the Lees uncomfortable and less open to effective communication. Hilt also took the time to get to cheat the Lees. She knew the names of all their s regular(a) surviving children and near importantly neer aban fatigueed Lia or her family flat in Nao Kaos darkest moments. As part of the Hmong culture, they are by n ature very violent and are not deterred by cosmos outnumbered. Nao Kao threatened a translator that came and told the minor Protective Services were taking Lia away.Jeanine attend the aversion to having someones child taken away and made sure the threats Nao Kao made didnt affect the courts decision to let Lia return. Jeanines empathy was deepened by ii factors. She tacit the burden of a degenerative illness because she had asthma. She also admired the connection and closeness of the Hmong families. She was late connected to this family and to this child so she irritated the government and the infirmary until the Lees got what they deserved. This included a pediatric hospital bed for Lias last old age at home.This led the Lees to hold Jeanine in high think of and allowed for a trust that was incredibly unsaid to earn from the Hmong culture. While Jeanine took the time to understand the Hmong culture, Nao Kao, Lias father, did shortsighted to reciprocate. He greatly appre ciated her attempt at being understanding, however he never believed it was his responsibility to do the resembling. Even then, Foua was usually the most receptive to Jeanines triumphs. Historically Hmongs have become the pariahs of society.With this in mind, Nao Kao never really made the causa to be part of a society that he knew went against his beliefs and therefore was rejecting him. It is also prominent in Hmong culture, that the man is the strongest part of the family and the most emotionally disconnected. While the Hmong were fighting the Chinese, they rase killed their wives and children so they wouldnt be emotionally distracted. Nao Kao hyper masculine attitude led him and his wife to be passively obedient. In the book, Fadiman writes It was typical or Hmong patients to appear passively obedient thus hold dearing their own self-regard by concealing their ignorance and their doctors dignity by acting deferential and then, as in brief as they left the hospital, to igno re everything to which they had purportedly assented (Fadiman 68). This is no way to effectively communicate between two cultures. By Nao Kao affirming that he would give the medicine and not at least trying to explain that it is against his belief and/or he does not understand how to give the medicine, he falsely gives the impression to the doctors that Lia volition be cared for at home.Not only does not communicate that he will not give the medicine, but he also doesnt communicate that he has not given the medicine to Lia when the Lees continue to take her to the hospital seizure after seizure. While the Hmongs believed being epileptic was a sort of blessing, they also understood the repercussions and knew the ailment was at least semi-dangerous. That is the reason the Lees keep to take Lia to MCMC over and over again, despite their hatred for the medical culture and the inability to effectively communicate. until now Nao Kao Lee was most definitely stuck in his ways.Fadiman explains a mirror image by Francois Marie Savina as to his first impressions to the Hmong in 1924. Savina, a missionary, stated ethnic durability can be attributed to six factors religion love of liberty traditional costumes refusal to marry outside their race life in the cold, dry mountainous areas and the toughening effects of fight (Fadiman 208). The Lee family did little the acculturate themselves into the United States culture and came here to merely escape prosecution. When the Lees came to America, their relatives had to show them how the unsophisticated worked. They relied greatly on their children.After Seventeen years of living here they still speak only Hmong and practice only Hmong traditions. The Hmong culture is famously stuck in its ways and it was no different for Nao Kao. The mixture between his single-valued function in his culture as intumesce as the culture itself lends itself to the inability to communicate between the Lee family and the MCMC medical staf f. The first thing that would allow two cultures, such(prenominal) as the Hmong and the United States medical culture, to effectively communicate is knowing what their middle determine, core distinction, and some key elements to their culture in regards to value dimensions.The Hmongs value dimensions tend to fall on one extreme, epoch America falls on the other side of the spectrum. For example, in the Identity value dimension, the Hmong are highly collectivist, which means their core value is stem harmony and their core distinction is whether youre in throng/out group. However, the United States population is found on individualist side of the identity spectrum. This means they believe in individual freedom and the core distinction is whether its me/others (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 94-97).This has a large impact in how two cultures interact with each other because speckle the United States will believe that the Hmong should do whatever it takes to protect themselves while the Hmong believe they should maintain the tranquillity with the gods or else they will be punished which focus on group harmony. The virtue value dimension also has a strong effect on the differences between these cultures. The Hmong are considered extreme long-term orientation, which values the long-term benefits. The US medical culture is more orientated on nows effects, other than known as extreme short-term orientation (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 109-112).This shows why the Hmong are so superstitious because they are worried about the futures of their children and even their grandchildren. The medical industry is not superstitious and therefore believes in miserliness the life that needs saving now and not later. They do not discriminate on between now and later. A give out of lessons can be wise(p) from how Jeanine was able to effectively communicate between the Hmong and US medical cultures. First of all, it is important to be open to new ways of communication between cultures and to not only find similarities, but also understand the differences between cultures.The Hmong culture and the Medical culture in the United States seem on opposite ends of the cultural spectrum. In that brief period of Lias seizures being decreased and her seemingly getting better, the Lees understood that they had to give Lia her medicine regularly and the hospital understood why the Lees were hesitant about giving their child too many unnatural substances. When the two entities understood each others culture and cultural differences, Lias health improved and they were able to understand each other beyond the most basic aim.This is called being culturally empathetic. Lias illness was a test for the two cultures. It was a situation that forced a broken system to recognize its faults and portray how it needs to be fixed. At the end of the day, it doesnt exit who worsened Lias illness because placing burden wont help either culture understand each other. By the end of the text, as Fadiman is reflecting on the case, she writes I do not know if Lia would be able to walk and talk today had she been treated by Arthur Kleinman instead of by Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp.However, I have come to believe that her life was ruin not by septic shock or baulker parents but by cross-cultural fault (Fadiman 262). The MCMC has apprizeed multiple lessons from Lias epilepsy. They learn to be culturally conscious, they removed the organ donor calamity from the hospital waiver and posted details about Lias case so her illness wont be mistreated ever again. The key to communication effectively is to realize that a culture is different from yours and value their judgments just as much as you value your own.Jeanine was able to do it, hopefully Nao Kao will one day do it as well as every doctor in the medical profession, and especially the doctors that are in heavily live minority areas. Bibliography 1. Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down a Hmo ng child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. 2. Hofstede, Gert Jan, capital of Minnesota Pedersen, and Geert H. Hofstede. Exploring culture. Yarmouth, Me. Intercultural Press, 2002 Section II Throughout my life, I have continuously been a person who loved traveling.I will always love traveling and someday, I hope to have a job where traveling is a requirement. When I travel, I hoped to come as close to emersion as possible in the time span Im there. I believe interacting with other cultures can seriously give you a whole new out get a line on life and learning perspectives of different cultures and humans always fascinates me which is why, beside year, I am planning to take a year off to work at a bed and breakfast in France. People from all over the globe come to bed and breakfasts, which will give e a fix of face time with a lot of different cultures and learn a little bit about everything. My housing and dining will be paid for while I meet people, make womb-to-tomb connections and put all the things I learned about in cross cultural communication to work. muff Cultural Communication opened up my eyes to some pretty basic things that you just never really put names to. The best lesson I learned was on cultural empathy. The imagination that you dont only tolerate another culture, but you understand it at its most basic level is incredibly important in how you connect with other people.A lot of my best friends are actually multinational and live in other countries. One of my best friends ever lives in Greece and looking back on our friendship, I realize how I subconsciously underwent the process of cultural empathy by asking her about the different practices she went through and the different ways she understood American culture and society. Unfortunately, I did not do the same with my German ex-boyfriend who lived in Germany which probably could have saved a lot of grief on my end.Anoth er lesson I found interesting in cross-cultural communication was reflexivity. reflexivity is the ability and willingness of a researcher to love their bias. When I went to H Street, I realized my bias ripening up in small town liberal suburbia. I realize my bias everyday when I meet people who grow up in different countries, parts of the country or even socio economic class. While consultationing Josh Parrish for my interview project, I saw how different our lives were and yet how similar we were.Reflexivity is not only important to acknowledge for secure research, but for dependable relationships as well. Talking about white privilege really interested me end-to-end the course. Growing up as white, I kind of always resented the doors that automatically opened for me in some sense of the word. I cant pinpoint why, but I like the challenge of overcoming adversity. In the School of Public Affairs Leadership Program, we talked about the idea of Privilege and Power and we watched an interesting TED dialogue that introduced the idea of The Power of a Single Story. Acknowledging the different presets in society is important to society and to be able to communicate with each other. If I could change one thing about this class, it would definitely be about the reading. The readings were incredibly numerous and sometimes, I couldnt discontinue everything, which led to a serious regular recurrence of me falling incredibly behind. I wouldve loved for a way to cut down the readings, perhaps only read important excerpts or something because the workload was either really hard or very move back.The lessons I learned in cross cultural communication feel less immense than other classes, but I already notice how I look around and see how these lessons are relevant in real life. I constantly look back at my history and realize how adjuvant these skills would have been months and even years ago. Being culturally empathetic is the most important lesson I could have l earned and I feel was the overarching theme to the whole course. I found it helpful to learn how to decent acculturate into a foreign culture and while I may not become a foreign diplomat because of this class, I definitely learned some important imformation.Spirit Catches You and You Fall DownDecember 11, 2012 Section 1 Who is the one to delineate fault for a miscommunication and misunderstanding between two cultures? In Anne Fadimans novel, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, she begins the novel as an attempt to allocate responsibility for the mistreatment and exacerbation of Lia Lees epilepsy. The tension between the Hmong and United States medical culture exemplified the strain in America between a foreign culture dependent on rituals and societys norm. As the novel progress, Fadiman realizes that neither culture is truly at fault.Lias situation stemmed from a clash of cultural beliefs and practices that could have been solved by a respect and empathy of the significance of cross-cultural communication. Throughout the narrative, there were characters that were able to be culturally empathetic while some were unable to appreciate the cultural differences between the two entities and realize the necessity for cooperation and understanding. The Hmong have a saying that they repeat at the beginning of every story, Hais cuaj txub kaum txub, which means, speak of all kinds of things (Fadiman 13).These words depict the belief in the Hmong culture that the world is full of things that might not appear related but actually are. This concept relates to the Hmongs history. Their development as a culture is tainted with inconsiderate counter cultures that restricted their freedom to practice their cultural rituals. This greatly influenced their ability to trust cultures that are not their own. Their general distrust in any culture different from their own can be mainly traced back to the Chinese and Indochinese portion of their saga.Basically, the Hmong have b een chased out of any home they have ever had due to their unwillingness to take orders, their affliction to losing and the imperative detail that they would rather flee, fight, or die than surrender. This all boils down to the fact that they are not easily swayed by other cultures customs. This ethnocentric attitude has greatly attributed to the Hmong cultures general distrust and distaste for any culture but their own. Lias parents, Nao Kao and Foua Lee, and much of the Hmong community were skeptical of trusting the white people in the medical profession and in the community.In fact, Lias case became the litmus test for Hmong community and turned out to be a deciding factor as to whether the Hmong community in Merced, California would trust the medical professionals when they found themselves at MCMC in a similar state as Lia. Despite this inherent distrust of any culture dissimilar to their own, the Lees were able to trust one CPA worker, Jeanine Hilt, who took the Lees case very personally. Jeanine made it her mission to fight the medical industry tyranny on behalf of the Hmong culture and became the only person to ask the Lees their opinion.Because of the language barrier, many medical professionals saw talking to the Lees as a lost cause to communicate with, which led the Lees to believe they were being taken advantage of. Jeanine was the only one who thought to ask how the Lees felt about how the doctors were treating Lia and their culture. Because of this openness to communication and genuine interest in their answers, she explained to the hospital how the Lees, and the Hmong culture, felt about Lias epilepsy and why they were running into to so many conflicts with the Hmong culture.Jeanines open approach allowed her to see what the barrier was between the Lees ad the medical profession. The Lees and the Hmong culture considered Lia an anointed one and her illness as a blessing rather than a weakness. In the Hmong culture, people born with epilepsy are believed to be the anointed ones and are destined to a life as a shaman. They call it qaug dab peg, or the spirit catches you and you fall down. People in the medical profession did not understand the concept of spirits and the importance of epilepsy for the Hmong. Jeanine was the only white person who adamantly fought for the rights of the Hmong.She was able to do this by the ability to effectively and cross culturally communicate. A similar problem occurred when the Lees refused to give their daughter her daily medicine regimen. Lia was taken away from her family and put into foster care. Jeanine fought to get Lia back to her family as her epileptic episodes became more frequent and dangerous. After she succeeded, it was Jeanines mission to educate the Lees, especially Foua, on the drug regimen and explain to her the importance of the drugs and to understand Nao Kao and Fouas aversion to medicine.Hilt was the only person that took the time to listen to Foua and her concerns rega rding the unnatural substances. And after Lias large grand mal seizure, she was the only one who tackled the problem of how the Hmong family was treating Lias developmental delays. Jeanines key to success was always keeping the lines of communication open between herself and the Lees and therefore between the Lees and the MCMC. In order to cross culturally communicate, Jeanine focused on a caring approach that was culturally empathetic and used the Lees daughter, May, as her translator.She did this because having another unfamiliar person in the room, especially a translater, would make the Lees uncomfortable and less open to effective communication. Hilt also took the time to get to know the Lees. She knew the names of all their seven surviving children and most importantly never abandoned Lia or her family even in Nao Kaos darkest moments. As part of the Hmong culture, they are naturally very violent and are not deterred by being outnumbered. Nao Kao threatened a translator that c ame and told the Child Protective Services were taking Lia away.Jeanine understood the aversion to having someones child taken away and made sure the threats Nao Kao made didnt affect the courts decision to let Lia return. Jeanines empathy was deepened by two factors. She understood the burden of a chronic illness because she had asthma. She also admired the connection and closeness of the Hmong families. She was deeply connected to this family and to this child so she harassed the government and the hospital until the Lees got what they deserved. This included a pediatric hospital bed for Lias last days at home.This led the Lees to hold Jeanine in high esteem and allowed for a trust that was incredibly hard to earn from the Hmong culture. While Jeanine took the time to understand the Hmong culture, Nao Kao, Lias father, did little to reciprocate. He greatly appreciated her attempt at being understanding, however he never believed it was his responsibility to do the same. Even then, Foua was usually the most receptive to Jeanines triumphs. Historically Hmongs have become the pariahs of society.With this in mind, Nao Kao never really made the effort to be part of a society that he knew went against his beliefs and therefore was rejecting him. It is also prominent in Hmong culture, that the man is the strongest part of the family and the most emotionally disconnected. While the Hmong were fighting the Chinese, they even killed their wives and children so they wouldnt be emotionally distracted. Nao Kao hyper masculine attitude led him and his wife to be passively obedient. In the book, Fadiman writes It was typical or Hmong patients to appear passively obedient thus protecting their own dignity by concealing their ignorance and their doctors dignity by acting deferential and then, as soon as they left the hospital, to ignore everything to which they had supposedly assented (Fadiman 68). This is no way to effectively communicate between two cultures. By Nao Kao affirming that he would give the medicine and not at least trying to explain that it is against his belief and/or he does not understand how to give the medicine, he falsely gives the impression to the doctors that Lia will be cared for at home.Not only does not communicate that he will not give the medicine, but he also doesnt communicate that he has not given the medicine to Lia when the Lees continue to take her to the hospital seizure after seizure. While the Hmongs believed being epileptic was a sort of blessing, they also understood the repercussions and knew the disease was at least semi-dangerous. That is the reason the Lees continued to take Lia to MCMC over and over again, despite their hatred for the medical culture and the inability to effectively communicate. However Nao Kao Lee was most definitely stuck in his ways.Fadiman explains a observation by Francois Marie Savina as to his first impressions to the Hmong in 1924. Savina, a missionary, stated ethnic durability can be attributed to six factors religion love of liberty traditional costumes refusal to marry outside their race life in the cold, dry mountainous areas and the toughening effects of war (Fadiman 208). The Lee family did little the acculturate themselves into the United States culture and came here to merely escape prosecution. When the Lees came to America, their relatives had to show them how the country worked. They relied greatly on their children.After Seventeen years of living here they still speak only Hmong and practice only Hmong traditions. The Hmong culture is famously stuck in its ways and it was no different for Nao Kao. The mixture between his role in his culture as well as the culture itself lends itself to the inability to communicate between the Lee family and the MCMC medical staff. The first thing that would allow two cultures, such as the Hmong and the United States medical culture, to effectively communicate is knowing what their core values, core distinction, an d some key elements to their culture in regards to value dimensions.The Hmongs value dimensions tend to fall on one extreme, while America falls on the other side of the spectrum. For example, in the Identity value dimension, the Hmong are highly collectivist, which means their core value is group harmony and their core distinction is whether youre in group/out group. However, the United States population is based on individualist side of the identity spectrum. This means they believe in individual freedom and the core distinction is whether its me/others (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 94-97).This has a large impact in how two cultures interact with each other because while the United States will believe that the Hmong should do whatever it takes to protect themselves while the Hmong believe they should maintain the peace with the gods or else they will be punished which focus on group harmony. The virtue value dimension also has a strong effect on the differences between these culture s. The Hmong are considered extreme long-term orientation, which values the long-term benefits. The US medical culture is more oriented on todays effects, otherwise known as extreme short-term orientation (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 109-112).This shows why the Hmong are so superstitious because they are worried about the futures of their children and even their grandchildren. The medical industry is not superstitious and therefore believes in saving the life that needs saving now and not later. They do not discriminate on between now and later. A lot of lessons can be learned from how Jeanine was able to effectively communicate between the Hmong and US medical cultures. First of all, it is important to be open to new ways of communication between cultures and to not only find similarities, but also understand the differences between cultures.The Hmong culture and the Medical culture in the United States seem on opposite ends of the cultural spectrum. In that brief period of Lias sei zures being decreased and her seemingly getting better, the Lees understood that they had to give Lia her medicine regularly and the hospital understood why the Lees were hesitant about giving their child too many unnatural substances. When the two entities understood each others culture and cultural differences, Lias health improved and they were able to understand each other beyond the most basic level.This is called being culturally empathetic. Lias illness was a test for the two cultures. It was a situation that forced a broken system to recognize its faults and demonstrate how it needs to be fixed. At the end of the day, it doesnt matter who worsened Lias illness because placing blame wont help either culture understand each other. By the end of the text, as Fadiman is reflecting on the case, she writes I do not know if Lia would be able to walk and talk today had she been treated by Arthur Kleinman instead of by Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp.However, I have come to believe that h er life was ruined not by septic shock or noncompliant parents but by cross-cultural misunderstanding (Fadiman 262). The MCMC has learned multiple lessons from Lias epilepsy. They learned to be culturally conscious, they removed the organ donor box from the hospital waiver and posted details about Lias case so her illness wont be mistreated ever again. The key to communicating effectively is to realize that a culture is different from yours and value their judgments just as much as you value your own.Jeanine was able to do it, hopefully Nao Kao will one day do it as well as every doctor in the medical profession, and especially the doctors that are in heavily populated minority areas. Bibliography 1. Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. 2. Hofstede, Gert Jan, Paul Pedersen, and Geert H. Hofstede. Exploring culture. Yarmouth, Me. Intercultural Press, 2002 Section II Throughout my life, I have always been a person who loved traveling.I will always love traveling and someday, I hope to have a job where traveling is a requirement. When I travel, I hoped to come as close to emersion as possible in the time span Im there. I believe interacting with other cultures can seriously give you a whole new outlook on life and learning perspectives of different cultures and humans always fascinates me which is why, next year, I am planning to take a year off to work at a bed and breakfast in France. People from all over the globe come to bed and breakfasts, which will give e a lot of face time with a lot of different cultures and learn a little bit about everything. My housing and dining will be paid for while I meet people, make lifelong connections and put all the things I learned about in cross cultural communication to work. Cross Cultural Communication opened up my eyes to some pretty basic things that you just never really put names to. The best lesson I learned was on cultural empathy. The idea that you dont only tolerate another culture, but you understand it at its most basic level is incredibly important in how you connect with other people.A lot of my best friends are actually international and live in other countries. One of my best friends ever lives in Greece and looking back on our friendship, I realize how I subconsciously underwent the process of cultural empathy by asking her about the different practices she went through and the different ways she understood American culture and society. Unfortunately, I did not do the same with my German ex-boyfriend who lived in Germany which probably could have saved a lot of grief on my end.Another lesson I found interesting in cross-cultural communication was reflexivity. Reflexivity is the ability and willingness of a researcher to acknowledge their bias. When I went to H Street, I realized my bias growing up in small town liberal suburbia. I realize my bias ever yday when I meet people who grow up in different countries, parts of the country or even socio economic class. While interviewing Josh Parrish for my interview project, I saw how different our lives were and yet how similar we were.Reflexivity is not only important to acknowledge for reliable research, but for dependable relationships as well. Talking about white privilege really interested me throughout the course. Growing up as white, I kind of always resented the doors that automatically opened for me in some sense of the word. I cant pinpoint why, but I like the challenge of overcoming adversity. In the School of Public Affairs Leadership Program, we talked about the idea of Privilege and Power and we watched an interesting TED talks that introduced the idea of The Power of a Single Story. Acknowledging the different presets in society is important to society and to be able to communicate with each other. If I could change one thing about this class, it would definitely be about the reading. The readings were incredibly numerous and sometimes, I couldnt finish everything, which led to a serious cycle of me falling incredibly behind. I wouldve loved for a way to cut down the readings, perhaps only read important excerpts or something because the workload was either really hard or very laid back.The lessons I learned in cross cultural communication feel less immense than other classes, but I already notice how I look around and see how these lessons are applicable in real life. I constantly look back at my history and realize how helpful these skills would have been months and even years ago. Being culturally empathetic is the most important lesson I could have learned and I feel was the overarching theme to the whole course. I found it helpful to learn how to properly acculturate into a foreign culture and while I may not become a foreign diplomat because of this class, I definitely learned some important imformation.